"A cursory view of the history of Salam  in Urdu, from the begining to the 20th century" covers the historical  background, literary and cultural perspectives of Salam, an important genre of religious poetry. As far as history is concerned, this elegiac form of poetry is traced back to the early Deccani period of Urdu poetry. The verses written during that period are often supposed to be marsiya but were generally in the form of Salam. The journey of salam went on to Northern India, and poets like Sauda, Ghalib, Mir and Anees took this genre on the peak of its hight in the 20th century, many poets portray "Salam" as not just a source of crying and mourning but also as a potential medium to convey the message of Karbala to the minds of masses.

Footnotes:

1.   Ali Jawwad Zaidi, ed., Anees kay Salam, (New Delhi: Taraqqi-e-Urdu Bureau, 1981), p. 17

2.   Allama Shibli Nomani, Mawazna-e-Anees-o-Dabeer, (Karachi: Urdu Academy Sindh, 1962), p. 240

3.   Sharib Ridolwi, Anees kay Salam, in Anees Shanasi, ed., Prof. Gopi Chand Narang, (Delhi: Educationl Publishing House, 1981), p. 385-386

4.   Syed Waheed-ul-Hasan Hashmi, Urdu mein Salam Nigari, in Monthly Sham-o-Sahar, Lahore, July 1992, p. 23

5.   Dr. Syeda Zehra Begum, Urdu mein sinf-e-Salam ki Riwayat, (Hyderabad Deccan: Bostan Ash’har, 2008), p. 69, 1^st Ed.

6.   Ali Jawwad Zaidi, ed., Anees kay Salam, p. 23

7.   Ibid, p. 21-23

8.   Ibid, p. 24-27

9.   Shaikh Chaand, Sauda, (Hyderabad Deccan: Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu, 1936), p. 322

10. Mirza Rafi Sauda, Kulliyat-e-Sauda, Vol. 2, (Lucknow: Nawal Kishore Press, 1932), p. 134

11. Mir Taqi Mir, Mirasi-e-Mir, ed., Dr. Masih-uz-Zaman, (Lucknow: Anjuman-e-Mahafiz-e-Urdu, 1951), p. 203

12. Ali Jawwad Zaidi, ed., Anees kay Salam, p. 28

13. Dr. Syed Qamqam Hussain Jafri, Sinf-e-Salam aur us ka ehed ba ehed Irteqa, (Karachi: Academy Bazyaft, 2010), p. 26

14. Ali Jawwad Zaidi, ed., Anees kay Salam, p. 30

15. Syed Masood Hasan Rizvi Adeeb, Aslaaf-e-Mir Anees, (Lucknow: Nizami Press, 1970), p. 151, 1^st Ed.

16. Dr. Syed Qamqam Hussain Jafri, Sinf-e-Salam aur us ka ehed ba ehed Irteqa, p. 24-26

17. Ghulam Hamdani Mus’hifi, Riaz-ul-Fusaha, ed., Maulvi Abdul Haq, (Hyderabad Deccan: Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu, 1934), p. 180

18. Dr. Syed Qamqam Hussain Jafri, Sinf-e-Salam aur us ka ehed ba ehed Irteqa, p. 26

19. Imdad Imam Asr, Kashif-ul-Haqaiq, Vol. 2, (Lahore: Moin-ul-Adab, 1956), p. 193

20. Ali Jawwad Zaidi, ed., Anees kay Salam, p. 76

21. Syed Yousuf Hussain Sha’iq Lakhnavi, ed., Tajalliyat-e-Anees, (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1976), p. 29, 1^st Ed.

22. Ali Jawwad Zaidi, ed., Anees kay Salam, p. 178

23. Ibid, p. 51

24. Ibid, p. 123

25. Ibid, p. 53

26. Ibid, p. 97

27. Ibid, p. 20

28. Dr. Farman Fatehpuri, Mir Anees: Hayat aur Shairi, (Karachi: Urdu Academy Sindh, 1976), p. 175

29. Ali Jawwad Zaidi, ed., Anees kay Salam, p. 83

30. Ibidi, p. 169

31. Dr. Syed Taqi Abidi, ed., Silk-e-Salam-e-Dabeer, (Lahore: Izhar Sons, 2004), p. 112

32. Ibid, p. 118

33. Chaudry Syed Nazeer-ul-Hasan Fauq Rizvi, Al-Meezan, (Aligarh: Faiz-e-Aam, 1914), p. 485-486

34. Ghalib, Diwan-e-Naat-o-Manqbat, ed., Dr. Syed Taqi Abidi, (New Delhi: Shahid Publication, 2006), p. 664

35. Mujalla Hayat-e-Javedan Silsila-e-Tazkira-e-Karbala, (Karachi: Kul Pakistan Halqa-e-Adab, 1404 AH), p. 72

36. Syed Ali Rizvi, ed., Hussain par Salam, (Karachi: Mir Anees Academy, 1986), p. 177, 1^st Ed.

37. Jafar Naqvi & Zehra Naqvi, ed., Alqama kay Sahil Par, (Karachi: Al-Abbas Printers, 1964), p. 338

38. Hasrat Mohani, Kulliyat, (Lahore: Shaikh Ghulam Ali & Sons Publishers, 1968), p. 268-269

39. Maharaja Syed Muhammad Ali Muhammad Khan, Mirasi-e-Muhib, (Allahabad: Asraar-e-Karimi Press, 1960), p. 191

40. Syed Waheed-ul-Hasan Hashmi, Urdu mein Salam Nigari, p. 36

41. Dr. Syed Taqi Abidi, ed., Kainat-e-Najm, Vol. 2, (New Delhi: Shahid Publications, 2006), p. 958

42. Dr. Hilal Naqvi, Josh Malihabadi: Shakhsiat aur Fan, (Islamabad: Pakistan Academy of Letters, 2007), p. 125-126

43. Ibid, ed., Irfaniyat-e-Josh, (Karachi: Idara-e-Ihya-e-Turas-e-Islami, 2011), p. 124, 2^nd Ed.

44. Ibid, p. 128

45. Dr. Syeda Zehra Begum, Urdu mein sinf-e-Salam ki Riwayat, p. 293

46. Jameel Mazhari, Irfan-e-Jameel, ed., Dr. Syed Safdar Hussain, (Lahore: Bargah-e-Adab, 1969), p. 56, 1^st Ed.

Sources:

1.   Abidi, Taqi, Syed, Dr., ed., Silk-e-Salam-e-Dabeer, Lahore: Izhar Sons, 2004

2.   ________, ed., Kainat-e-Najm, Vol. 2, New Delhi: Shahid Publications, 2006

3.   Adeeb, Masood Hasan Rizvi, Syed, Aslaaf-e-Mir Anees, Lucknow: Nizami Press, 1970

4.   Asr, Imdad Imam, Kashif-ul-Haqaiq, Vol. 2, Lahore: Moin-ul-Adab, 1956

5.   Chaand, Shaikh, Sauda, Hyderabad Deccan: Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu, 1936

6.   Fatehpuri, Farman, Dr., Mir Anees: Hayat aur Shairi, Karachi: Urdu Academy Sindh, 1976

7.   Ghalib, Diwan-e-Naat-o-Manqbat, ed., Dr. Syed Taqi Abidi, New Delhi: Shahid Publication, 2006

8.   Hasrat Mohani, Kulliyat, (Lahore: Shaikh Ghulam Ali & Sons Publishers, 1968), p. 268-269

9.   Jafri, Qamqam Hussain, Syed, Dr., Sinf-e-Salam aur us ka ehed ba ehed Irteqa, Karachi: Academy Bazyaft, 2010

10. Jameel Mazhari, Irfan-e-Jameel, ed., Dr. Syed Safdar Hussain, (Lahore: Bargah-e-Adab, 1969), p. 56, 1^st Ed.

11. Khan, Muhammad Ali Muhammad, Syed, Maharaja, Mirasi-e-Muhib, Allahabad: Asraar-e-Karimi Press, 1960

12. Lakhnavi, Yousuf Hussain Sha’iq, Syed, ed., Tajalliyat-e-Anees, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1976, 1^st Ed.

13. Mir, Mir Taqi, Mirasi-e-Mir, ed., Dr. Masih-uz-Zaman, Lucknow: Anjuman-e-Mahafiz-e-Urdu, 1951

14. Mus’hifi, Ghulam Hamdani, Riaz-ul-Fusaha, ed., Maulvi Abdul Haq, Hyderabad Deccan: Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu, 1934

15. Naqvi, Jafar & Naqvi, Zehra, ed., Alqama kay Sahil Par, Karachi: Al-Abbas Printers, 1964

16. Naqvi, Hilal, Dr., Josh Malihabadi: Shakhsiat aur Fan, Islamabad: Pakistan Academy of Letters, 2007

17. ________, ed., Irfaniyat-e-Josh, Karachi: Idara-e-Ihya-e-Turas-e-Islami, 2011, 2^nd Ed.

18. Nomani, Shibli, Allama, Mawazna-e-Anees-o-Dabeer, Karachi: Urdu Academy Sindh, 1962

19. Ridolwi, Sharib, Anees kay Salam, in Anees Shanasi, ed., Prof. Gopi Chand Narang, Delhi: Educationl Publishing House, 1981

20. Rizvi, Ali, Syed, ed., Hussain par Salam, (Karachi: Mir Anees Academy, 1986), p. 177, 1^st Ed.

21. Rizvi, Chaudry Syed Nazeer-ul-Hasan Fauq, Al-Meezan, Aligarh: Faiz-e-Aam, 1914

22. Sauda, Rafi, Mirza, Kulliyat-e-Sauda, Vol. 2, Lucknow: Nawal Kishore Press, 1932

23. Zaidi, Ali Jawwad, ed., Anees kay Salam, New Delhi: Taraqqi-e-Urdu Bureau, 1981

24. Zehra Begum, Syeda, Dr., Urdu mein sinf-e-Salam ki Riwayat, Hyderabad Deccan: Bostan Ash’har, 2008

Journals & Magazines:

1.   Monthly Sham-o-Sahar, Lahore, July 1992

2.   Mujalla Hayat-e-Javedan Silsila-e-Tazkira-e-Karbala, Karachi: Kul Pakistan Halqa-e-Adab, 1404 AH