Urdu literature comprises various genres, one of which is Habsiyati Adab (prison literature). A remarkable example of this is Wajid Ali Shah’s masnavi Huzn-e-Akhtar, written in 1859 and published in 1860 in Calcutta. In this poetic work, he narrates the days of his imprisonment at Fort William. The masnavi describes the annexation of his kingdom, after which he sets out on a journey to London to seek justice. However, upon reaching Calcutta, he falls ill and, as a result, sends his mother, son, and brother ahead to London while he stays in Mochi Khola, Calcutta. Just as he begins to recover, the Revolt of 1857 breaks out, throwing the region into turmoil. In response, the British authorities imprison him at Fort William.

In Huzn-e-Akhtar, Wajid Ali Shah Akhtar not only mentions his family members and household staff but also reflects on the passing of his mother, brother, and child.

In terms of language and style, the masnavi is characterized by clarity, elegance, fluency, and eloquence. It reflects the charm of the Lucknavi dialect, especially Begamati Zaban (the refined speech of noblewomen), along with literary embellishments. The smooth flow, spontaneity, and careful use of idioms and expressions make its tone highly engaging. The portrayal of events, emotions, and personal experiences is strikingly vivid, though its spelling differs significantly from modern conventions.

Overall, Huzn-e-Akhtar is an autobiographical, historical, prison-themed, and poetic travelogue. Through this work, Wajid Ali Shah expresses the sorrow and hardships he endured during this difficult period of his life.