Maulana Zafar Ali Khan (January 17, 1874 - November 27, 1956( is a prominent personality of twentieth-century in Urdu literature. As a poet, writer, journalist, commentator, translator and intellectual figure, Maulana Zafar Ali khan’s name has been taken as a unique reference. He is one of the renowned Poet of twentieth century whose  poetry is a  beautiful combination of ancient and modern allusions. This dissertation is based on a research study of the allusions in the poetry of Baba-e-Sahafat Maulana Zafar Ali Khan. The first part of article partially has defined the definition of allusion )talmeh(and changes in the definition of ‘talmeh’as a literary term in modern era. Afterwards has been taken some contemporary references )talmeh(from the poetry  collection of maulana Zafr Ali khan‘s era. This article is mainly an analysis of the allusions  from the verses of Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, in the context of the  first fifty years of  twentieth century.

1.   Louis Malouf (Ed.), Al-Munjid, Trans. By Maulana Abdul Hafeez Balyavi (Lahore: Maktaba-e-Quddusia, 2009), p. 803

2.   Maulvi Syed Tasadduq Hussain Rizvi, Lughat-e-Kishwari (Karachi: Darul Isha’at, 1952), p. 110

3.   Akbar Ali Nafisi, Farhang-e-Nafisi (Tehran: Kitab Faroshi Khayam, 1977), p. 1355

4. Ali Akbar Dehkhuda, Lughatnama-e-Dehkhuda, Ed. Syed Jafar Shaheedi, Muhammad Moin, (Tehran: Danishgah-e-Tehran, 1998), Vol. 5, p. 6947, Jadid Ed.

5.   Dr. Abid Khursheed, Talmihat-e-Rashid (Karachi: Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu, 2019), p. 14

6.   Prof. Anwar Jamal, Adabi Istelahat (Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 2014), p. 82

7.   Saleem Akhtar, Tanqidi Istelahat (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2011), p. 95

8.  Prof. Gopi Chand Narang, Urdu Ghazal aur Hindustani Zehen-o-Tehzeeb (New Delhi: National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, 2002), p. 29

9.   Dr. Muzammil Hussain, Urdu mein Bayan aur Ilm-e-Badi’ kay Masa’il (Lahore: Majlis-e-Taraqqi-e-Adab, 2010), p. 177

10. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Baharistan in Kulliyat-e-Zafar Ali Khan, Ed. Zahid Ali Khan (Lahore: Al-Faisal Publishers, 2011), p. 156

11. Prof. Muhammad Aslam, Tehreek-e-Pakistan (Lahore: Riaz Brothers, 1993), p. 196, 2^nd Ed.

12. ‘Khwaja’ refers to Khwaja Hasan Nizami here.

13. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Baharistan, p. 49

14. Ibid, p. 349

15. Ibid, p. 249

16. Ibid, Nigaristan in Kulliyat-e-Zafar Ali Khan, Ed. Zahid Ali Khan (Lahore: Al-Faisal Publishers, 2011), p. 51

17. Augusto Aubrey was then a Vice Admiral in the Italian Navy.

18. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Baharistan, p. 173

19. Ibid

20. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thomson-Reuters

21. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Baharistan, p. 109

22. The Urdu Encyclopedia of Islam, (Lahore: The Urdu Encyclopedia of Islam, Punjab University, 1971), p. 368

23. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Baharistan, p. 71

24. Daily, Zamindar, 3^rd Nov. 1931, Vol. 1

25. Janbaz Mirza, Karwan-e-Ehraar (Lahore: Maktaba-e-Tabsara, 1975), p. 210

26. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Baharistan, p.72

27. Daily, Inqelab, 11^th Nov. 1931, Vol. 1

28. Daily, Zamindar, 8-9^th Nov. 1931, Vol. 1

29. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Nigaristan, p. 103

30. Daily, Zamindar, 13^th Nov. 1931, Vol. 1

31. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Chamanistan in Kulliyat-e-Zafar Ali Khan, Ed. Zahid Ali Khan (Lahore: Al-Faisal Publishers, 2011), p. 75

32. Ibid, Habsiyaat, p. 138

33. See also: Muhammad Azam Chaudhry, Tareekh-e-Punjab (Lahore: Fiction House, 2018), p. 540

34. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Habsiyaat in Kulliyat-e-Zafar Ali Khan, Ed. Zahid Ali Khan (Lahore: Al-Faisal Publishers, 2011), p. 139

35. Ibid, p. 141

36. Ibid, Baharistan, p. 522

37. Mumtaz Begum was the special maid of Raja Indore’s harem. Her name was also included in the murder case of Bombay businessman Abdul Qadir Baula along with Raja Indore. The heirs of the deceased had sought the services of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah for this case. After this incident, Raja Indore had to resign from his post. In 1926, he resigned in favor of his son.

38. https://www.RoyalArk.net/India/indore5. Html

39. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Habsiyaat, p. 68

40. Lion M. G. Agarwal, Freedom Fighter of India (Delhi: Esha Book, 2008), Vol. 3, p. 140

41. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Baharistan, p. 256

42. Ibid, Chamanistan, p.

43. Ibid, Habsiyaat, p. 114

44. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9506208/muhammad-ahmed

45. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Baharistan, p. 314

46. Daily, Zamindar, 15^th Jan. 1928

47. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Baharistan, p. 52

48. Ibid, Habsiyaat, p. 32

49. Syed Nizamuddin Masoom Naami Bakhari was a famous scholar and historian of Sindh. He date back to the Mughal emperors Jalaluddin Akbarand Jahangir.  He conquered the western parts of Sindh under the leadership of Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khanan. He had a special fondness for architecture. The buildings he built are still found in Sindh, especially in Sukkur, and its vicinity. He compiled the history Sindh under the title of Tareekh-e-Masoomi.

50. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Chamanistan, p. 163

51. Ibid, Habsiyaat, p. 115

52. Shirvani Balonvi, Baraar in Tehreek-e-Azadi kay Chalees Saal, Hindustani Siyasiyat 1903-1942 mein, Part 2 (Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Library, 1994), p. 317

Sources

1.   Akhtar, Saleem, Tanqidi Istelahat, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2011

2.   Aslam, Muhammad, Prof. Tehreek-e-Pakistan, Lahore: Riaz Brothers, 1993, 2^nd Ed.

3.   Agrawal, Lion M. G., Freedom Fighter of India, (Delhi: Asia Book, 2008), Vol. 3

4.   Akhtar, Saleem, Tanqidi Istelahat (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2011), p. 95

5.   Balonvi, Shirvani, Baraar in Tehreek-e-Azadi kay Chalees Saal, Hindustani Siyasiyat 1903-1942 mein, Part 2, Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Library, 1994

6.   Chaudhry, Muhammad Azam, Tareekh-e-Punjab (Lahore: Fiction House, 2018), p. 540

7.   Hussain, Muzammil, Dr., Urdu mein Bayan aur Ilm-e-Badi’ kay Masa’il (Lahore: Majlis-e-Taraqqi-e-Adab, 2010), p. 177

8.   Jamal, Anwar, Prof., Adabi Istelahat, Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 2014

9.   Khursheed, Abid, Dr., Talmihat-e-Rashid (Karachi: Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu, 2019), p. 14

10. Mirza, Janbaz, Karwan-e-Ehraar (Lahore: Maktaba-e-Tabsara, 1975), p. 210

11. Narang, Gopi Chand Narang, Prof., Urdu Ghazal aur Hindustani Zehen-o-Tehzeeb (New Delhi: National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, 2002), p. 29

12. Khan, Zafar Ali, Maulana, Baharistan in Kulliyat-e-Zafar Ali Khan, Ed. Zahid Ali Khan (Lahore: Al-Faisal Publishers, 2011), p. 156

13. ________, Nigaristan, ________, ________, ________.

14. ________, Chamanistan, ________, ________, ________.

15. ________, Habsiyaat, ________, ________, ________.

Dictionaries

1.   Dehkhuda, Ali Akbar, Lughatnama-e-Dehkhuda, Ed. Syed Jafar Shaheedi, Muhammad Moin, Tehran: Danishgah-e-Tehran, 1998, Vol. 5, Jadid Ed.

2.   Malouf, Louis (Ed.), Al-Munjid, Trans. by Maulana Abdul Hafeez Balyavi, Lahore: Maktaba-e-Quddusia, 2009

3.   Nafisi, Akbar Ali, Farhang-e-Nafisi, Tehran: Kitab Faroshi Khayam, 1977

4.   Rizvi, Tasadduq Hussain, Maulvi Syed, Lughat-e-Kishwari, Karachi: Darul Isha’at, 1952

Journals & Magazines

1.   Daily, Inqelab, 11^th Nov. 1931, Vol. 1

2.   Daily, Zamindar, 3^rd Nov. 1931, Vol. 1

3.   ________, 8-9^th Nov. 1931, Vol. 1

4.   ________, 13^th Nov. 1931, Vol. 1

5.   ________, 15^th Jan. 1928

Encyclopedia

1.   The Urdu Encyclopedia of Islam, Lahore: The Urdu Encyclopedia of Islam, Punjab University, 1971

Online Sources

1.   https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thomson-Reuters

2.   https://www.royalark.net/India/indore5.htm

3.   https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9506208/muhammad-ahmed