After the establishment of Pakistan, issues of riots and migration have been prominent in Urdu fiction with the international symbolism in the promotion of symbolic fiction in the 60s General Ayub's martial law was the main factor. General Ziaul Haq's martial law in the 1980s One of the worst political upheavals of Pakistani society is in the stories of the era Differential views of individual and collective psychology with theological and technical experience and Political expression of violence and resistance to violence is prominent. General Musharraf's martial law inexplicably hollowed out Pakistani society. From 1997 to 2000, the form of power was semi-democratic, but its spirit was martial law, the resistance to which, though not of a strong political nature, has been a wave of resistance among Pakistani writers, especially fiction writers, as a nation.

Footnotes

1.   Intezar Hussain, Jamood aur Maut kay barey mein in Saqi, Karachi, January 1953, Annual Issue, p. 191

2.   Dr. Rasheed Amjad, Pakistani Adab: Rawaiyye aur Rujhanaat, (Islamabad: Poorab Academy, 2010), p. 68

3.   Masood Ash’ar, Sarey Afsaney (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1987), p. 121

4.   Ibid, p. 127

5.   Intezar Hussain, Khwab aur Taqdeer Qissa Kahanian (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2014), p. 98

6.   Anwar Sajjad, Maan Beta in Majmua-e-Dr. Anwar Sajjad (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2003), p. 133

7.   A. Khayam, Chaistan No. 1, Kapil Wasto ka Shehzada (Karachi: Manzar Publications, 1993), p. 90

8.   Ahmed Dawood, Wiskey aur Parinday ka Gosht in Maftooh Hawaen (Rawalpindi: Dastavez Publishers, 2002), p. 109

9.   Mansha Yaad, Ruki hui Awazen in Shehr Fasana (Islamabad: Dost Publication, 2003), p. 84

10. Ibid, Panah, Ibid, p. 78

11. Rasheed Amjad, Patjhar mein Khud Kalami in Aam Admi kay Khwab (Islamabad: Poorab Academy, 2007), p. 271

12. Ibid, Mela jo Talab mein doob gya, Ibid, p. 282

13. Ahmed Javed, Ghair Aalamati Kahani (Lahore: Khaldain Publishers, 1987), p. 17

14. Ibid, Piyadey, Ibid, p. 51

15. Ahmed Javed, Sun to sahi in Gawahi, Ed. Ejaz Rahi (Karachi: Awami Darul Isha’at, 1986), p. 9

16. Ali Haider Malik, Tarsey huwey Ainey Bay Zameen Bay Aasman (Karachi: Manzar Publication, 1986), p. 18

17. Mansoor Qaiser, Ek Bansuri Hazar Neru in Gawahi, p. 86

18. Ikramullah, Siyah Asman in Badaltay Qalib (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1993), p. 112

19. Zaheda Hina, Jism-o-Zaban ki Maut se Pehle in Rah mein Ajal hai (Karachi: Maktaba-e-Danial, 1992), p. 85

20. Ibid, Titlian Dhondney wali, Ibid, p. 112

21. Hajra Masroor, Ek aur Nara in Sab Afsaney Merey (Lahore: Maqbool Academy, 1991), p. 110

22. Dr. Saeeda Gazdar, Adhi Gawahi (Karachi: Pakistani Adab Publications, 1986), p. 37

23. Ejaz Rahi, Saheem Zulmaat in Mazahmati Adab, Ed. Dr. Rasheed Amjad ((Islamabad: Pakistan Academy of Letters, 1995), p. 88

Sources

1.   Amjad, Rasheed, Dr., Pakistani Adab: Rawaiyye aur Rujhanaat, Islamabad: Poorab Academy, 2010

2.   _____, Patjhar mein Khud Kalami in Aam Admi kay Khwab, Islamabad: Poorab Academy, 2007

3.   _____, Mela jo Talab mein doob gya, _____

4.   Ash’ar, Masood, Sarey Afsaney, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1987

5.   Dawood, Ahmed, Wiskey aur Parinday ka Gosht in Maftooh Hawaen, Rawalpindi: Dastavez Publishers, 2002

6.   Gazdar, Saeeda, Dr., Adhi Gawahi, Karachi: Pakistani Adab Publications, 1986

7.   Hina, Zaheda, Jism-o-Zaban ki Maut se Pehle in Rah mein Ajal hai, Karachi: Maktaba-e-Danial, 1992

8.   _____, Titlian Dhondney wali, _____

9.   Hussain, Intezar, Khwab aur Taqdeer Qissa Kahanian, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2014

10. Ikramullah, Siyah Asman in Badaltay Qalib, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1993

11. Javed, Ahmed, Ghair Aalamati Kahani-2 in Ghair Alamati Kahani, Lahore: Khaldain Publishers, 1987

12. _____, Pyadey, _____

13. _____, Sun to sahi in Gawahi, Ed. Ejaz Rahi, Karachi: Awami Darul Isha’at, 1986

14. Khayam, A., Chaistan No. 1, Kapil Wasto ka Shehzada, Karachi: Manzar Publications, 1993

15. Malik, Ali Haider, Tarsey huwey Ainey Bay Zameen Bay Aasman, Karachi: Manzar Publication, 1986

16. Masroor, Hajra, Ek aur Nara in Sab Afsaney Merey, Lahore: Maqbool Academy, 1991

17. Qaiser, Mansoor, Ek Bansuri Hazar Neru in Gawah, Ed. Ejaz Rahi, Karachi: Awami Darul Isha’at, 1986

18. Rahi, Ejaz, Saheem Zulmaat in Mazahmati Adab, Ed. Dr. Rasheed Amjad, Islamabad: Pakistan Academy of Letters, 1995

19. Sajjad, Anwar, Maan Beta in Majmua-e-Dr. Anwar Sajjad, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2003

20. Yaad, Mansha, Ruki hui Awazen in Shehr Fasana, Islamabad: Dost Publication, 2003

21. _____, Mela jo Talab mein doob gya, _____

Journals & Magazines

1.   Saqi, Karachi, January 1953, Annual Issue