The nineteenth century is important not only in terms of Urdu literature but also in terms of chronogramisms. In this era, literature and chronogramisms were flourishing in both South India and North India. But in northern India, the Urdu language in particular was exploiting its creative potential.It would not be inappropriate to consider Ghalib as the representative writer of this era and to attribute this era to Ghalib. Although Ghalib did not play a significant role in the art of chronogramisms, but by composing chronogramms in Urdu and Persian, he has definitely kept his connection with this tradition.This is the social need of this age as well as the literary and creative need.This period can be called the golden age of Urdu chronogramisms. This article discusses the golden age of Urdu chronogramisms.

Footnotes

1.      See, Abrar Abdus Salam, Urdu mein Tareekh Goi: Unneesvin Sadi mein Shumali Hind ki Numa’inda Tareekhon ki Tehqiq-o-Tadveen, unpublished PhD diss., (Multan: Dept. of Urdu, Baha’uddin Zakaria University, 2009), p. 55

2.   Ibid, Bijapur mein Urdu Tareekh Goi ki Riwayat in Journal of Research, No. 11, Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies, Baha’uddin Zakaria University, Multan, 2007, p. 295-297

3.    Ibid, Urdu mein Tareekh Goi: Unneesvin Sadi mein Shumali Hind ki Numa’inda Tareekhon ki Tehqiq-o-Tadveen, p. 106-112

4.      Khwaja Muhammad Wazir, Daftar-e-Fasahat (Lucknow: Matba Mustafai Muhammad Khan, 1293 AH), p. 252-266

5.    Dr. Fazl Imam, Amirullah Taslim: Hayat aur Shairi, (Allahabad: Asrar-e-Karimi Press, 1974), p. 145

6.    Ghulam Rasool Mehr, Ghalib, (Lahore: Koh-e-Noor Printing Press, 1944), p. 403

7.   Raja Muhammad Amir Hasan Khan, Kulliyat-e-Seher, (Mahmoodabad: Muhammad Mirza, 1320 AH), p. 707-708

8.    Ghulam Rasool Mehr, Ghalib, p. 403

9.   Muhammad Hussain Azad, Ab-e-Hayat, Ed. By Abrar Abdus Salam (Multan: Dept. of Urdu, Baha’uddin Zakaria University, 2006), p. 53

10.  Khatima Malikud Daula Saulat in Adeeb, Allahabad, 1910-1913 (Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, 1980), p. 46-47

11.  Abrar Abdus Salam, Urdu mein Tareekh Goi: Unneesvin Sadi mein Shumali Hind ki Numa’inda Tareekhon ki Tehqiq-o-Tadveen, p. 117

12.  Ibid

13.  See for details, Ibid

14.  Syed Mohsin Ali Mohsin, Tazkira Sarapa Sukhan (Lucknow: Matba Munshi Navalkishor, 1875), p. 60

15.  Muhammad Ali Joya Muradabadi, Surud-e-Ghaibi Musamma bah Khayaban-e-Tawarikh (Lucknow: Matba Munshi Navalkishor, 1881), p. 101

16.  See for details, Abrar Abdus Salam, Urdu mein Tareekh Goi: Unneesvin Sadi mein Shumali Hind ki Numa’inda Tareekhon ki Tehqiq-o-Tadveen, p. 39-49

17.  Nawab Sadr Mahal, Badshah Nama, (Calcutta: Matba Sultani, 1288 AH), p. 194-195

18.  Lala Sri Ram, Khumkhana-e-Javed, Vol. 1 (Lahore: Hamdard Press, 1908), p. 254

19.  Munshi Anwaar Hussain Taslim Seheswani, Mulakhas-e-Tasleem (Muradabad: Matba Matlaul Ulum and Newspaper Nayyar-e-Azam, 1893), p. 198

Sources

1.     Abdus Salam, Abrar, Urdu mein Tareekh Goi: Unneesvin Sadi mein Shumali Hind ki Numa’inda Tareekhon ki Tehqiq-o-Tadveen, unpublished PhD diss., Multan: Dept. of Urdu, Baha’uddin Zakaria University, 2009.

2.   Azad, Muhammad Hussain, Ab-e-Hayat, Ed. By Abrar Abdus Salam, Multan: Dept. of Urdu, Baha’uddin Zakaria University, 2006.

3.      Imam, Fazl, Dr., Amirullah Taslim: Hayat aur Shairi, Allahabad: Asrar-e-Karimi Press, 1974.

4.      Khan, Raja Muhammad Amir Hasan, Kulliyat-e-Seher, Mahmoodabad: Muhammad Mirza, 1320 AH.

5.  Seheswani, Munshi Anwaar Hussain Taslim, Mulakhas-e-Tasleem, Muradabad: Matba Matlaul Ulum and Newspaper Nayyar-e-Azam, 1893.

6.      Sri Ram, Lala, Khumkhana-e-Javed, Vol. 1, Lahore: Hamdard Press, 1908.

7.      Mahal, Sadr, Nawab, Badshah Nama, Calcutta: Matba Sultani, 1288 AH.

8.      Mehr, Ghulam Rasool, Ghalib, Lahore: Koh-e-Noor Printing Press, 1944.

9.      Mohsin, Mohsin Ali, Syed, Tazkira Sarapa Sukhan, Lucknow: Matba Munshi Navalkishor, 1875.

10.  Muradabadi, Muhammad Ali Joya, Surud-e-Ghaibi Musamma bah Khayaban-e-Tawarikh, Lucknow: Matba Munshi Navalkishor, 1881.

11.  Wazir, Khwaja Muhammad, Daftar-e-Fasahat, Lucknow: Matba Mustafai Muhammad Khan, 1293 AH.

Magazines & Journals

1    Adeeb, Allahabad, No. 1910-1913, Vol. 1, Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, 1980

2   Journal of Research, No. 11, Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies, Baha’uddin Zakaria University, Multan